Unit+VIIA+-+Memory

Unit VIIA - Memory:


 * PsychSim 5: TRUSTING YOUR MEMORY **

• According to researchers, what are the three memory processes?
 * Measuring Memory **

1. Encoding - registering the information and putting it into your memory system

2. Storage - holding the information in your memory system

3. Retrieval - getting ther information out of the memory system so that it can be used

• How do recall tasks differ from recognition tasks?
 * Recall Tasks**: Essay, short answer, or fill-in the blank questions. Test questions provide cues that specift the information you must recall, but it's up to you to generate the answers.
 * Recognition Tasks**: multiple choice, matching, or true/false questions. Test questions provide all possible answers against your memory to recognize the answer.

• What was your score on the Recall Test? 8/15
 * A Look at Your Performance **

• What was your score on the Recognition Test? 11/15

• What was your pattern of performance across the 15 words? Did your performance show a serial position effect? The pattern consisted predominately of words from either the beginning and end of the list. This demonstrats the serial position effect because we have a tendency to remember words at the beginning and end of a sequence.
 * Examining Your Performance: Serial Position Effect **

• Did your performance show an advantage for recognition over recall? Most people correctly recognize more words that they can recall. Seeing a word apparently jogs or primes your memory for that particular word, making it easier for you to remember that it was on the original list.
 * Examining Your Performance: Recall Versus Recognition **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What is a “false memory?” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A distorted or inaccurate memory that feels completely real and is often accompanied by all the emotion impact of a real memory.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Examining Your Performance: False Memory **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• Did you show false recall or false recognition for “sleep”? If so, why do you think this happened? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Yes. Sleep is part of our daily routine, and maybe that prevalence affected my recognition of it.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">If not, why do you think your performance was different from the Roediger & McDermott study?

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• List and briefly explain the two “sins of forgetting” especially relevant to the topic of false memories: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1. **Misattribution** - distortions based on confusing the source of the information
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Other Ways We Create False Memories **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2. **Suggestibility** - distortions introduced by misinformation from outside sources

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• How might memory distortions affect eyewitness testimony? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Eyewitnesses sometimes show source confusion, attributing a statement or action to the wrong person. They also exhibit suggestibility, occasionally incorporating misleading information from the media or attorneys into their memories formed during the actual crime.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Application: Eyewitness Testimony **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">PsychSim 5: ICONIC MEMORY **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This activity simulates Sperling’s classic experiments on the duration of visual sensory memory.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What was your score on the free recall test? 35%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Free Recall Test **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Iconic Memory **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What is Sperling’s theory of iconic memory? What is an “icon?” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Sperling believed that all nine letters were stored in the viewer's memory for a short time, but that the memory faded so rapidly that only a handful of the letters could be moved into short-term memory named before the information disappeared. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">**Iconic memory**: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">**icon**: a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What is Sperling’s partial report task? How does it test his theory of iconic memory? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Partial report: memory task in which only a specific set of items are to be reported <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">If the memory decayed before all the letters could be named.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What was your score on the partial report test? 25%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Partial Report Test **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• Are your results consistent or inconsistent with typical results? What do typical results suggest? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Consistent. Most people recall a significantly higher percentage of letters in the cued recall than free recall task. This improvement demonstrates that the viewers actually store considerably more visual information for a brief time that they are able to report a few seconds later.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What was your score on the delayed partial report test? 14%
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Delayed Partial Report Test **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">• What does the typical drop in performance tells us about the duration of iconic memory? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> This drop in performance suggests that the iconic memory store has an effective duration of less tahn 500 milliseconds. Sperling's research indicated that the typical duration of iconic memory is about 250 milliseconds, and later research has generally supported this estimate. This means that any visual information that is not transferred to more permanent memory within the 250-millisecond limit will be lost.


 * Scientific American Article:**


 * Two-Column Notes:**